African Journal of Microbiology Research

References

Chat With PDF

Cite

Share

Abstract

The genus Basidiobolus contains large groups of terrestrial fungi including the etiological agents of human gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis (GIB). This study aimed to identify Basidiobolus species from the common house gecko and to compare them with human GIB isolates. Gecko and human GIB samples were collected from Muhayil Aseer area, south Saudi Arabia (2017-2019). Isolation of fungi from the gut contents of geckos was performed using Sabouraud dextrose agar incubated aerobically at 30°C for five days. Suspected Basidiobolus species were tentatively identified using routine bench tests and phenotypes were authenticated by phylogenetic analysis of the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene. Isolates (n = 10) were found to have zygomycete-like phenotypic characteristics. In the 28S ribosomal RNA gene phylogenetic tree, the strains assembled in the subclade encompass Basidiobolus spp. along with previously reported isolates from human’ GIB. The strains had a close resemblance with Basidiobolus haptosporus (99.97%) as well as with B. haptosporus var. minor (99.97%). One isolate (L3) falls within the subclade containing B. haptosporus strain NRRL28635. The recovery of similar isolates from both humans and gecko lizards in one geographic region is an important development toward knowing risk factors for GIB. The present study aims to identify the emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, S. aureus resistant to vancomycin and to investigate the presence of Mec A , Van A and Van B genes among Staphylococcus strains isolated from hospital environment. For each type of sample, surface of beds, recyclable material, boxes of rodar, floor and door slats, 53 samples were taken. So, a total of 265 samples were collected by swabbing (except boxes of rodar) in a private clinic in southern Benin. Bacteriological analysis was performed using the conventional method followed by DNA extraction with the Quiagen kit. The resistance genes Mec A , Van A and Van B were sought using specific primers. 215 samples were culture positive with 155 strains (62%) of coagulase negative (CNS) staphylococci and 95 strains (38%) of S. aureus . The majority of strains were resistant to gentamycin and clindamycin. These 155 strains were carried the Mec A gene and 10 strains carried the Van A and Van B gene. The study reveals the presence of resistant Staphylococci carrying the Mec A gene, which could be responsible for nosocomial infections in patients. Hygiene must be improved to limit the spread of these germs and protect patients. The abused Nigerian currency became an issue of concern recently, when the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) launched a nationwide enlightenment campaign aimed at educating the public on the proper handling of Naira notes. The study investigated the current bacterial contamination of Nigerian currency notes as well as the risk factors associated with it in Polytechnic Community Ado- Ekiti, Nigeria. A total of 32 samples of Naira notes, four pieces of each denomination of ₦5, ₦10, ₦20, ₦50, ₦100, ₦200, ₦500, and ₦1000 were carefully collected from various locations on campus and subjected to standard methods for the isolation and identification of bacterial isolates. A total of 100 structured questionnaires were distributed at random to sample the opinions and views of the Polytechnic campus population on the use and mishandling of Naira notes. The findings revealed that all samples contain bacteria. The ₦50 notes had the highest bacterial contamination (18.7%), while the ₦5 notes had the lowest bacterial contaminant (7.5%). The most prevalent bacterial contaminants were Escherichia coli (78%), Staphylococcus aureus (66%), Klebsiella species (59%), Micrococcus species (31%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16%). Bacteria contamination was higher in polymer notes than in paper notes. As a result, pathogenic bacteria were discovered on the surface of naira notes, making them useful candidates for food-borne pathogens and increasing the spread of food-borne disease. This result is critical in informing the public about the dangers of dirty currency notes to their health. The study determined the frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-PEc) in HIV-infected individuals with urinary tract infections (UTIs) attending Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki (FETHA II), and the responses of these bacterial pathogens to colistin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and ertapenem. Exactly 200 urine samples (mid-stream) were collected from HIV-infected individuals. Standard microbiological techniques were used to characterize bacterial isolates. Phenotypic screening for the production of ESBLs was done by double disc synergy test. Antibiotic susceptibility study was carried out by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Results showed the presence of ESBL-PEc in the urine samples of HIV-infected individuals. ESBL-PEc were highly resistant to gentamycin (85%), ofloxacin (75%), ciprofloxacin (75%), nalidixic acid (70%), tobramycin (65%), kanamycin (64.3%), and norfloxacin (60%), but susceptible to ertapenem (60%) and amikacin (57.1%). The ESBL-PEc isolates were multidrug-resistant. Average multiple antibiotic resistance indices (MARI) value of isolates was 0.8, further depicting misuse/abuse of these antibiotic classes in our study area. Thus, it is pertinent to carry out antibiotic susceptibility testing before the commencement of antibiotic therapy, especially in HIV-positive patients with UTIs so as to attain effective treatment regimens and reduce the incidence of antibiotic resistance in healthcare settings. A comparative study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and Euphorbia heterophylla antibacterial activity as well as Vitellaria paradoxa leaf crude extracts on four enteric organisms, namely: Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella flexneri , and Escherichia coli. The clinical isolates of the enteric organisms were subjected to test of antimicrobial susceptibility using technique of agar diffusion. Phytochemistry of the E. heterophylla crude extracts exposed the presence of more phenolics, phlobatannins, tannins and cardiac glycosides than V. paradoxa , which revealed the presence of more steroids. All crude E. heterophylla extracts produced high clear inhibition zones, compared to the V. paradoxa counterpart at concentration ranging from 50 to 200 mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay discovered that the mice treated with the crude methanolic E. heterophylla extracts, after being infected with the test organisms, survived and showed no pathological effects as compared to the V. paradoxa counterpart, which showed 20% pathological effects. E. heterophylla crude extract could be a possible source for the diseases treatment associated with enteric organisms such as P. vulgaris, S. Typhi, S. flexneri, as well as E. coli . Additional studies should be directed towards isolation as well as characterisation of the active compound in the crude extracts. heterophylla ; EHML-Methanolic leaf extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHAL-Aqueous leaf extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHPL-Petroleum ether leaf extract of Euphorbia heterophylla; EHCS-Chloroform stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHMS- Methanolic stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHAS-Aqueous stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla; EHPS-Petroleum ether stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla; EHCR-Chloroform root extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHMR-Methanolic root extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHAR-Aqueous root extract of Euphorbia heterophylla EHPR- ether root extract of Euphorbia heterophyll. extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHAL-Aqueous leaf extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHPL-Petroleum ether leaf extract of Euphorbia heterophylla; EHCS-Chloroform stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHMS-Methanolic stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHAS-Aqueous stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla; EHPS-Petroleum ether stem extract of Euphorbia heterophylla; EHCR-Chloroform root extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHMR-Methanolic root extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHAR-Aqueous root extract of Euphorbia heterophylla ; EHPR-Petroleum ether root extract of Euphorbia heterophyll.